Many threatened species in Europe have been expanding their distributions during recent decades owing to protection measures. Range expansion has come about via two processes, natural expansion...

Assessments of amphibian immune state have been commonly made through indirect methods like phytohemagglutinin injections, or by direct methods like cell counts from blood smears. Here a simple...

Most mammals rely upon scent for intraspecific communication. As most bear species have large home ranges and are non-territorial, scent deposit while walking could be an effective way to...

The assessment of the risk posed by invasive alien species to the environment is a component of increasing importance for Pest Risk Analysis. Standardized and comprehensive procedures to assess...

Parental care improves the survival of offspring and therefore has a major impact on reproductive success. It is increasingly recognized that coordinated biparental care is necessary to ensure the...