The Austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineous) is one of the main seed dispersers of Araucaria araucana, a threatened species. However, livestock and exotic species consume almost the whole seed...

Organisms interact with each other in very different ways. These interactions include, among many others, those established between prey and predators, hosts and parasites, and plant roots and...

Species on Earth are interconnected with each other through ecological interactions. Defaunation can erode those connections, yet we lack evolutionary predictions about the consequences of losing...

Parasites and other symbionts are crucial components of ecosystems, regulating host populations and supporting food webs. However, most symbiont systems, especially those involving commensals and...