The adjustment to climate change and the differential effects of temperature on resident and migratory birds were studied using the start dates of the laying in ten long-term studies in nest-boxes in Europe with data on at least one species of resident tit and one species of migratory flycatcher.

The process of urbanization can lead to specialist species being replaced by generalist species in space and time, increasing similarity among bird communities. This phenomenon is termed biotic homogenization and is directly related to taxonomic and functional diversity. However, the effects of urbanization on phylogenetic diversity remain unclear. This study addresses the effects of the process of urbanization on the evolutionary distinctiveness of bird communities.