In long-lived species, usually with deferred maturity and low release numbers, the success of conservation translocations is especially sensitive to survival and site fidelity during the prolonged establishment phase. Concurrent management actions usually implemented in threatened populations may also influence translocation-related responses. Therefore, the specific performance of translocations should be ideally assessed on vital rates of comparable management groups while accounting for...

Many threatened species in Europe have been expanding their distributions during recent decades owing to protection measures. Range expansion has come about via two processes, natural expansion from existing range and reintroductions to new ranges. Reintroductions may prove to be a better way to establish populations because individuals are less subject to competitive relationships lowering breeding success than individuals expanding from existing populations. Whether this is true, however,...