The consequences of symbiont transmission strategies are better understood than their adaptive causes. Feather mites are permanent ectosymbionts of birds assumed to transmit mainly vertically and...

Reintroductions have been increasingly used for species restoration and it seems that this conservation tool is going to be more used in the future. Nevertheless, there is not a clear consensus...

Sharks, rays, skates and chimaeras play an important role as predators in the ecosystems. These species could serve as potential sentinels for the presence of xenobiotics in marine ecosystems. In...

Many threatened species in Europe have been expanding their distributions during recent decades owing to protection measures. Range expansion has come about via two processes, natural expansion...

Assessments of amphibian immune state have been commonly made through indirect methods like phytohemagglutinin injections, or by direct methods like cell counts from blood smears. Here a simple...