The costs could have reached 35 billion dollars per year over the last 60 years, a figure comparable to the global economic impact of extreme events associated with climate change. The international study, which combines estimated national costs and data on the global distribution of these species, was carried out with the participation of the Doñana Biological Station - CSIC
Ismael Soto, Pierre Courtois, Arman Pili, Enrico Tordoni, Eléna Manfrini, Elena Angulo, Céline Bellard, Elizabeta Briski, Miloš Buřič, Ross N. Cuthbert, Antonín Kouba, Melina Kourantidou, Rafael L. Macêdo, Boris Leroy, Phillip J. Haubrock, Franck Courchamp & Brian Leung. Using species ranges and macroeconomic data to fill the gap in costs of biological invasions. Nature Ecology and Evolution. Nature Ecology & https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-025-02697-5