Interacciones interespecíficas entre felinos americanos: factores que explican la coexitencia entre jaguares, pumas y ocelotes/margays
Interspecific interactions between American felids: factors explaining the coexistence of jaguars, pumas and ocelots/margays
Investigador principal
Francisco Palomares
Entidad financiera
MIN ECONOMÍA Y COMPETITIVIDAD
Fecha de inicio
Fecha de fin
Código
CGL2013-46026-P
Departamento
Biología de la Conservación y Cambio Global
Descripción
La predación intragremial es un fenómeno ampliamente distribuido en los mamíferos carnívoros, y tiene consecuencias importantes a nivel individual, poblacional, y de comunidad. Con este proyecto, usando principalmente muestreos no invasivos y análisis genéticos en heces, y en menor medida radio-telemetría por satélite, estudiamos los posibles resultados de la depredación intragremial en dos especies similares con un gran potencial para exhibir competencia por interferencia, que además varían mucho en tamaño corporal (el jaguar y el puma), y varios de los factores que pueden explicar su coexistencia, especialmente el papel que las características de los ejemplares tienen sobre el resultado de la interacción. A modo exploratorio incluímos también en el sistema a otras especies de felinos más pequeños (ocelotes y/o margays), en las que esperamos que tengan una respuesta clara a la presencia y abundancia de los felinos mayores, y donde el papel del individuo no sea tan importante para explicar el resultado de las interacciones. Específicamente, se estudiará 1) los patrones de marcaje con heces en jaguares y pumas en relación con el uso del espacio y el estatus de los individuos, para así poder interpretar correctamente los datos obtenidos con los muestreos no invasivos de heces y los análisis genéticos; 2) si existe algún patron de atracción-repulsión espacio-temporal entre diferentes tipos de individuos y entre especies, esperando que los pumas eviten estar en el mismo lugar y a la misma hora que donde están los pumas, e incluso que hembras de jaguar pudieran evitar estar en el mismo lugar y a la misma hora que machos de puma; 3) el patrón de marcaje con heces de los pumas en áreas donde el jaguar está ausente, que podría estar mediado por la presencia de una especie dominante como es el jaguar; 4) el espectro trófico de jaguares y pumas, que es necesario para enterder diferentes aspectos de la ecología de jaguares y pumas importantes para entender sus patrones de coexistencia; 5) si especies de felinos de mucho menor tamaño que jaguares y pumas como son ocelotes y margays muestran alguna respuesta poblacional en función de la presencia y abundancia de los primeros, esperando que haya un efecto negativo; y 6) modelos generales de solapamiento de nicho entre jaguares y pumas (y eventualmente incluyendo también ocelotes y margays) y hábitats, analizando la especificidad y marginalidad del nicho usando variables locales de paisaje, presión humana y productividad primaria, esperando que jaguares presenten nichos más específicos y menos marginales que pumas en las áreas donde coexisten, mientras que los pumas podrían ser también más específicos y menos marginales en las áreas donde no hay jaguares. Los objetivos de este proyecto complementan los relacionados con el mismo objetivo general que se ha estudiado con el proyecto anterior, y usaremos parte de las muestras ya disponibles procedentes de proyectos anteriores.
The intraguild predation is a widely distributed phenomenon in carnivorous mammals, and has important consequences at the individual, population and community level. In this project, mainly using noninvasive sampling and genetic analysis in faeces, and to a lesser extent radio satellite telemetry, we studied the possible outcomes of intraguild predation in two similar species with great potential to exhibit interference competition, which also vary greatly in body size (jaguar and puma), and several of the factors that may explain their coexistence, especially the role that the characteristics of individuals may have on the outcome of the interaction. In a exploratory way, we include in the system to other species of smaller cats (ocelots and/or margays), where we hope to have a clear response to the presence and abundance of big cats, and where the role of the individual is not so important to explain the result of interactions. Specifically, with our aims we will study 1) faecal marking patterns of jaguars and pumas in relation to the use of space and the status of individuals, in order to correctly interpret the data obtained from noninvasive fecal sampling and genetic analysis; 2) whether there is any pattern of spatio temporal attraction-repulsion between different individuals and between species, expexting that pumas avoid being in the same place at the same time as where cougars are, and even female jaguars could avoid to be in the same place at the same time as male pumas; 3) the faecal marking pattern of pumas in areas where jaguars are absent, which could be mediated by the presence of a dominant species such as the jaguar; 4 ) the trophic spectrum of jaguars and pumas, which is necessary for understand different aspects of the ecology of jaguars and pumas important to explain their patterns of coexistence; 5) if populations of cat species much smaller than jaguars and pumas such as ocelots and margays show some response in terms of the presence and abundance of former, expecting there to be a negative effect, and 6) general models of niche overlap between jaguars and pumas (and possibly also including ocelots and Margay) and habitats, analyzing the specificity and marginalization of the niche using local variables of landscape, human pressure and primary productivity. The objectives of this project are and complement the same general objective has been studied in a previous project, and will use part of the samples already available from previous projects.
The intraguild predation is a widely distributed phenomenon in carnivorous mammals, and has important consequences at the individual, population and community level. In this project, mainly using noninvasive sampling and genetic analysis in faeces, and to a lesser extent radio satellite telemetry, we studied the possible outcomes of intraguild predation in two similar species with great potential to exhibit interference competition, which also vary greatly in body size (jaguar and puma), and several of the factors that may explain their coexistence, especially the role that the characteristics of individuals may have on the outcome of the interaction. In a exploratory way, we include in the system to other species of smaller cats (ocelots and/or margays), where we hope to have a clear response to the presence and abundance of big cats, and where the role of the individual is not so important to explain the result of interactions. Specifically, with our aims we will study 1) faecal marking patterns of jaguars and pumas in relation to the use of space and the status of individuals, in order to correctly interpret the data obtained from noninvasive fecal sampling and genetic analysis; 2) whether there is any pattern of spatio temporal attraction-repulsion between different individuals and between species, expexting that pumas avoid being in the same place at the same time as where cougars are, and even female jaguars could avoid to be in the same place at the same time as male pumas; 3) the faecal marking pattern of pumas in areas where jaguars are absent, which could be mediated by the presence of a dominant species such as the jaguar; 4 ) the trophic spectrum of jaguars and pumas, which is necessary for understand different aspects of the ecology of jaguars and pumas important to explain their patterns of coexistence; 5) if populations of cat species much smaller than jaguars and pumas such as ocelots and margays show some response in terms of the presence and abundance of former, expecting there to be a negative effect, and 6) general models of niche overlap between jaguars and pumas (and possibly also including ocelots and Margay) and habitats, analyzing the specificity and marginalization of the niche using local variables of landscape, human pressure and primary productivity. The objectives of this project are and complement the same general objective has been studied in a previous project, and will use part of the samples already available from previous projects.