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Different frontal colourations in storks (Ciconiidae) reveals short-range visual cues for species recognition

The Ciconiidae family includes 19 extant species distributed in all over the world. While all species are similar in morphotype, with dominant black or white plumage colouration, storks may also display some highly coloured areas in small patches of the integument, including bill, legs, and the head. Non-conserved coloured areas are located in frontal zones but cover a low proportion of the entire body and are only visible at close range. These results provide further support to the species...