Many parasite taxa are able of altering a wide range of phenotypic traits of their hosts in ways that seem to improve the parasite’s chance of completing its life cycle. Alteration in host behaviour are classically seen as compelling illustrations of the “extended phenotype” concept suggesting that some parasite genes have phenotype effects on the host. There are many impressive examples of such phenomena. For instance, several anecdotal reports in the literature have suggested that arthropods parasitized by hairworms and mermithids commit ’suicide’ by jumping into an aquatic environment needed by the adult worms for the continuation of their life cycle. Despite increasing evidence of host phenotypic manipulation by parasites, the underlying mechanisms causing infected hosts to act in ways that benefit the parasite remain generally enigmatic. Also, the host-parasite cross-talks involved during the manipulative process of a host by its parasite are still poorly understood. Proteomics have been used to lay the foundations of the understanding of some aspects of manipulation by parasites (i.e. proximate mechanisms, crosstalk and evolutive convergence) by using some arthropod host-parasite associations. These pioneer studies reveal new candidate genes and biochemical pathways potentially involved in the manipulative process of a host by its parasite. In this talk, the parasite manipulation hypothesis will be briefly presented. Secondly, the pioneer proteomics results obtained on the manipulative process will be pointed out. I will present some additional considerations to move this work forwards. Future prospects for a new discipline in proteomics, the population proteomics, will be presented. This one could be used (i) to study the molecular crosstalk at population scale; (ii) to test ecological hypothesis on distribution range of species (ex.: Brown’s and EVH hypothesis); (iii) to decipher from the molecule to the habitat the taking-decisions to choice a microclimate by injurious and beneficial insects living alone or in association with a parasite; (iv) the behavioural strategies used to reach microclimates in an habitat. Finally, I will briefly present the application of proteomic tools to environmental problems for generating hypotheses regarding how xenobiotics could affect host-parasite associations in ecosystems. The environmental proteomics is a promising avenue to assess the effects of environmental pollution in ecosystems.