The Scientific Collections of ICTS Doñana: a global archive of biodiversity in the service of science
In the heart of Seville’s Isla de la Cartuja, the Doñana Biological Station houses one of Spain’s most significant scientific collections. The ICTS Doñana Scientific Collections comprise over 140,000 cataloged specimens from around the world, serving as an essential resource for the scientific community. They offer a unique window into the past, enabling long-term studies of nature’s changes. This archive of biodiversity is unparalleled, containing the world’s most extensive collection of Iberian lynx, Iberian wolf, and Spanish imperial eagle specimens, among many other iconic species.
The repository is organized into six distinct collections: mammals, birds, herpetology (amphibians and reptiles), fish, invertebrates, and an herbarium. The value of these collections lies not only in the rarity of certain species but also in the breadth of their samples across time and space, making them a crucial resource for conservation and biodiversity evolution studies.
Since its inception, these collections have documented the genetic variability, geographical distribution, and population dynamics of various species. Scientists worldwide use this repository to analyze the evolution of flora and fauna, as well as the impact of climate change and other environmental pressures on biodiversity.
The most emblematic species: lynxes, wolves and eagles
“There are both common and rare specimens in these collections, with extensive series that provide a broad spatial and temporal representation,” explains Carlos Urdiales, curator and technical manager of the Scientific Collections. “From a scientific standpoint, this is more valuable than simply having a single rare specimen discovered in Spain for the first time.”
The ICTS Doñana Scientific Collections are internationally recognized, particularly for their extensive Iberian fauna records. The Iberian wolf collection includes 750 specimens, while the Spanish imperial eagle section holds over 80 preserved skins and bones, along with more than 100 eggs. The Iberian lynx collection is particularly noteworthy, with 650 specimens—far surpassing those held by other institutions in Spain.
One of the key strengths of these collections is the meticulous way in which specimens are recorded and preserved. Each specimen includes detailed information about its origin, habitat, and conservation status, allowing for comparative studies over time. Research based on these samples has been instrumental in designing conservation and management strategies for these emblematic species. “Anyone researching these species must visit this collection,” emphasizes Urdiales.
The importance of these collections lies in their ability to address fundamental questions about species evolution and conservation status. Studies based on specimens from these collections have helped identify shifts in species’ geographical distribution, analyze genetic patterns, and assess the impact of human activities on ecosystems.
A legacy with history
The origins of the ICTS Doñana Scientific Collections date back to 1965 when Professor José Antonio Valverde, founder and first director of the Doñana Biological Station, sought to position Spain alongside other European nations in the development of scientific collections for long-term ecological studies. His personal collections of birds and mammals, gathered since the 1950s, laid the foundation for what would become one of the country’s most important scientific repositories.
In the following decades, the collection expanded exponentially, thanks to the efforts of Valverde and his successor, Professor Javier Castroviejo. Between 1976 and 1988, Castroviejo spearheaded numerous scientific expeditions across Spain and beyond, significantly broadening the collection’s scope. As a result, species from diverse regions were incorporated, enhancing the representation of both Iberian and international ecosystems.
More recently, the Doñana Scientific Collections have taken a major step forward by expanding into new taxonomic groups. Initially focused on vertebrates, the collections added an invertebrate section in 2021 and an herbarium in 2022, featuring historical records of Doñana’s flora. This expansion has provided a more comprehensive ecological perspective.
“Natural history collections are part of humanity’s heritage and hold immense global significance,” notes Urdiales. “They serve as the physical reference for the planet’s biodiversity, justifying the need to preserve space-time samples of various species.”
A continuously growing resource
Currently, with over 140,000 cataloged specimens, the collections continue to grow and solidify their importance for biodiversity research. They are regularly expanded through scientific expeditions, institutional donations, personal collections, wildlife recovery centers, zoos, and confiscations. Additionally, ICTS Doñana has been authorized by the Andalusian government to collect and preserve key specimens for scientific research.
“A specimen preserved today could become invaluable for science a hundred years from now,” explains Urdiales. The process of incorporating new specimens is meticulous, following strict scientific protocols. Each specimen is recorded with precise data on location, collection date, and circumstances of discovery. Preservation techniques include osteological preparation, tissue preservation, and liquid storage, ensuring long-term availability for future research.
Advanced technology has also facilitated the computerisation of portions of the collection, allowing remote access for researchers worldwide. Through specialized databases, scientists can consult detailed records, fostering international scientific collaboration.
The Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) manages some of the country’s most important scientific collections, including those of the National Museum of Natural Sciences and the Experimental Station of Arid Zones. In the context of climate change and biodiversity loss, the CSIC’s scientific collections represent an irreplaceable legacy for future generations. Their preservation and continuous development are fundamental to ensuring that science retains the tools needed to understand and protect the natural world.
About ICTS Doñana
ICTS Doñana, a research infrastructure managed by the Doñana Biological Station - CSIC, is the largest field laboratory in Europe and a crucial tool for the scientific community. It supports research in Doñana and generates vital information for the effective management and conservation of this protected area. It is a unique site for studying ecology, evolution, biodiversity conservation, and the impacts of global change.
This infrastructure provides accommodations, laboratories, equipment, office space, and scientific, technical, and logistical support for researchers. Access to projects is granted through the ICTS Doñana Access Committee.
The Singular Scientific and Technical Infrastructures (ICTS) are unique and exceptional facilities dedicated to cutting-edge research. They serve as hubs for knowledge preservation, technology transfer, and innovation. Recognized by Spain’s Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, these publicly owned infrastructures are open to competitive access. Spain currently hosts 29 ICTS, which undergo evaluation every four years by an advisory committee.